Laboratory Staff
Curriculum Vita

Bobby Cherayil, MD

Verena Göbel, MD

Ciarán Kelly, MD

Beth McCormick, PhD

Nanda
Nanthakumar, PhD

David Newburg, PhD

Harry Pothoulakis, MD

Hai Ning Shi, DVN, PhD

W. Allan Walker, MD
Chief

Curriculum Vita

David Newburg, PhD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics

GENERAL INFORMATION

Date prepared: December, 2006

Name: David Stephen Newburg

Office Address:
Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Massachusetts General Hospital
114 16th Street (CNY 114-3350)
Charlestown, MA 02129-4404

Tel: 617-726-4169
Fax: 617-726-4172

Email: dnewburg@partners.org

Place of Birth: Boston, Massachusetts

Education:

1970 B.S. University of Massachusetts, Amherst (Chemistry)
1976 Ph.D. Boston University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
(Biochemistry; minors in Nutrition and Neuroscience)

Academic Appointments:

1971-73 - Research Assistant, Division of Basic Sciences, Boston University
1974-76 - Research Associate, Department of Nutritional Science, Boston University
1976-82 - Assistant Professor, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kentucky
1982-86 - Associate Professor, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kentucky
1986-92 - Associate Biochemist, Department of Biochemistry, E.K. Shriver Center
1988-91 - Research Fellow in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Harvard University
1991-00 - Instructor in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Harvard University
1992-04 - Senior Scientist (Biochemist), Division of Biomedical Sciences, E.K. Shriver Center
1998-04 - Investigator, Clinical Nutrition Research Center at Harvard
1998-04 - Director, Program in Glycobiology, Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School
2000-04 - Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School
2001-04 - Professor, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts
2006-prs - Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School

Hospital Appointments:

1988-93 - Assistant Biochemist in Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital
1993-00 - Associate Biochemist in Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital
2004-prs - Glycobiologist, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital

Committee Assignments:

Boston University

1972-76 - Medical School Student Council
1973-76 - Animal Care Committee-BUSGD
1974-76 - Medical School Biochemistry Committee

University of Kentucky

University
1977-79 - Health Interprofessional Council
1977-85 - Associate Member, Graduate Faculty
1979-85 - University Senate
1979-85 - University General Studies Committee
1980-85 - Chair, Subcommittee for Biological Sciences and Physical Sciences

College
1977-78 - Chair, Faculty Liaison Committee
1978-81 - Secretary to the Faculty
1981-83 - Scholarship Committee
1981-83 - Chair, Committee on Merit Evaluation, Promotion and Tenure

Department
1976-78 - Renovation and Equipment Committee
1976-85 - Chair, Animal Care Committee
1976-85 - Undergraduate Committee
1977-85 - Associate Member, Graduate Committee
1978-85 - Coordinated Undergraduate Program Committee
1978-85 - Advisor, Food and Nutrition Club

Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center for Mental Retardation

1988-89 - Computer Acquisition Committee
1989-04 - Safety Committee
1989-04 - Chair, Emergency Response Committee
1990 - Chair, Resource Allocation Committee
1993-04 - Research Student Apprentice Program Committee
1994-04 - Coordinator, Hazardous Waste
1997-04 - Safety Officer
1997-04 - Chemical Hygiene Officer
2000-04 - New Program Peer Review Committee

Professional Societies:

1972-prs - American Chemical Society (member)
1976-prs - American Association for the Advancement of Science (member)
1982-prs - New York Academy of Sciences (member)
1985-prs - International Society for Research on Human Milk and Lactation (member)
1989-90 -  Nominating Committee; 1993-96 - Executive Committee
1988-prs - Society for Glycobiology (member)
1989-prs - American Society for Nutritional Sciences  (member)
1989-prs - American Society for Clinical Nutrition (member)
1998-prs - American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (member)
1993-prs - Boston Glycobiology Discussion Group; 1993-prs - President
1998-prs - European Society for Paediatric Haematology and Immunology (member)
1999-prs - American Society for Microbiology (member)
2005-prs - Society for Mucosal Immunology

Community Service:

1995-04 Coach/Mentor, Newton North High School Science Teams, Newton, Massachusetts

Editorial/Advisory Boards:

1993-96 - Associate Editor, Mammary Gland Biology and Lactation
1996-prs - Advisory Board, Human Milk Banking Association of North America
2000-prs - Advisory Board, Smart Science Education
2002-prs - Editorial Board, Letters in Drug Design and Discovery

Acta Paediatrica
Allergy
Analytical Biochemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Biotechnology and Bioengineering
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
Biology of the Neonate
British Journal of Nutrition
Canadian Journal of Microbiology
Cell & Tissue Research
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
Glycobiology
Glycoconjugate Journal
Italian Journal of Paediatrics
Journal of Chromatography
Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Journal of Clinical Investigation
Journal of Human Lactation
Journal of Infectious Diseases
Journal of Lipid Research
Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry
Journal of Pediatr Gastroenterol & Nutr
Journal of Pediatr Gastroenterol & Nutr–Europe
Journal of the American Chemical Society
Lancet
Lipids
Pediatric Research
Trends in Microbiology

Granting Agencies:

Medical Research Council of Canada
US Veteran's Administration
USDA Competitive Research Grants Review Board
Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research

Awards and Honors:

1975 - Sigma Xi Grant to Aid Research
1978, 1979 - University of Kentucky Graduate School, Summer Faculty Research Fellowship
1980, 1981 - University of Kentucky Outstanding Non-tenured Teacher Award Nominee
2003 - Merrill Presidential Scholar’s Most Influential Teacher Award, Cornell University

Research and Teaching Contributions

A. Narrative Description of Research

My research is focused on the glycobiology of human milk, intestinal mucosa, and brain. The emphasis has been on pathogen binding to cell surface glycans of the intestinal mucosa that are targets for common enteropathogens of infants and children, and more specifically on human milk glycans that inhibit this essential first step in pathogenesis. We discovered a series of human milk glycans that inhibit specific pathogens: The human milk glycan that inhibits stable toxin of enterotoxigenic E. coli in vivo is a fucosylated oligosaccharide. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli binding to its host receptor is inhibited by a mannosylated glycopeptide. Rotavirus infection is inhibited by a glycoprotein named lactadherin. Binding of gp120 of HIV to CD4 of its target T-4 lymphocytes is inhibited by glycosaminoglycans and by sulfatides. Sulfatides also inhibit recruitment of polymorphonucleocytes by salmonella. Campylobacter pathogenesis requires binding to host cell receptors containing the H-2 fucosylated epitope and is inhibited by human milk oligosaccharides containing the H-2 moiety. Different strains of noroviruses bind to different carbohydrate epitopes; each strain is specifically inhibited by glycans containing such epitopes. This research demonstrated that the mechanism whereby the host is protected from these pathogens is through the inhibition of binding by the pathogen to its human host cell surface glycan receptor.

In the course of pursuing this research, my laboratory devised and validated many novel analytical techniques. For example, using our methods for the quantitative analysis of individual oligosaccharides in human milk led to finding that the expression of the fucosylated oligosaccharides varies over the course of lactation. Also, the pattern of expression varies among individuals, and this variation is linked to the heterogeneous genotypes of fucosyltransferases that underlie the expression of the various Lewis blood group types. This discovery allowed testing the clinical relevance of the milk oligosaccharides.

The expression in milk of high amounts of specific oligosaccharides that we know to inhibit specific pathogens is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of symptoms of infection by the specific pathogen in nursing infants. Specifically, a significant association was found for high levels of 2¢-fucosyllactose in milk and low risk of campylobacter-associated diarrhea, high levels of lacto-N-difucohexaose-I and low risk of norovirus-associated diarrhea, high expression of 2-linked oligosaccharides and low risk of diarrhea associated with stable toxin-producing E. coli, high levels of total 2-linked fucosyloligosaccharides and lower risk of diarrhea of all causes, and high expression of lactadherin in milk and low risk of rotavirus-associated diarrhea in the nursing infant. Based on these data, I proposed that the glycans of milk constitute an innate immune system in human milk whereby the mother confers potent and clinically important protection to her nursing infant, and this idea has generated widespread interest and acceptance in the pediatrics, nutrition, glycobiology, and mucosal immunology communities.

Understanding cell surface glycans and their role in pathogenesis is also the theme of a second area of my research that focuses on the pathobiology of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Classic HUS follows infection by verotoxigenic E. coli, an E. coli that produces Shiga toxin, which typically results in bloody diarrhea. In some cases, especially in children, as this diarrhea resolves, HUS ensues. My research group found that the population of children who suffer HUS have lower amounts of globotriaosylceramide (Gb₃), the receptor for Shiga toxin, in their erythrocytes, and are overrepresented in the recessive P2 blood group type, when compared with the general population, or the population of children who recover from verotoxigenic E. coli bloody diarrhea without developing HUS. We devised a method for the separation and quantification of molecular species of Gb₃ in cultured primary human brain (and other) endothelial cells, which are thought to be the target of Shiga toxin in HUS. We discovered that binding, but not toxicity, is related to the amount Gb₃. However, the toxicity of Shiga toxin proves to be related to the type (molecular species) of Gb₃ expressed. Thus, a specific type of Gb₃ may be responsible for incorporation of Shiga toxin into lipid rafts for retrograde transport, leading to toxicity. In the endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier, this toxicity would account for the CNS manifestations seen in the most severe forms of HUS.

The projects undertaken in my laboratory increasingly involve questions related to the ontogeny of glycans, especially those in the developing gut, and their relationship to the maturing mucosal immune system. Our expertise in glycobiology is being applied toward defining the ontogeny of glycans in the gut that support colonization by commensal (or symbiotic) bacteria, isolation of glycan products from probiotic or commensal bacteria that may have antipathogenic activity, and isolating glycans from fungi that may have anti-inflammatory activity in the gut.

B. Research Funding Information

1976-77 - University of Kentucky Research Foundation (PI); Dietary asparagine and brain development

1977-78 - University of Kentucky Research Foundation (PI); Brain lipid levels of asparagine-deprived rats

1978 - University of Kentucky Biomedical Research Support Grant (PI); Impaired brain development resulting from lack of dietary asparagine

1978-79 - University of Kentucky Research Equipment Fund

1980 - University of Kentucky Research Foundation (PI); Dietary asparagine and brain development

1979-80 - McDowell Cancer Network Basic Science Committee (PI); The maximum tolerated dose of dietary black pepper

1979-82 - United States Department of Agriculture, Competitive Research Grants Office (PI); The dietary asparagine requirement for optimal growth and brain development

1983-84 - University of Kentucky Research Foundation (PI); Artificially reared pups: An improved model for testing nutrient requirements during early development

1991-94 - NICHD/RO1, Functions of human milk fat globule glycoproteins (PI of subcontract); Analysis of oligosaccharides and separation of native milk fractions

1992-97 - NICHD/RO1 (PI); Structure of the human milk inhibitor of HIV binding

1997-98 - Mizutani Foundation (PI); Oligosaccharide structure essential for inhibiting ST transmembrane signaling

1997-01 - NIDDK/RO1 (PI); Host cellular receptors and HUS

1998-01 - Veteran's Administration (PI of subcontract); The role of cerebral endothelial cell Gb₃ in the neuropathology of HUS

2000-05 - NIDDK/RO1 (PI); Endothelial Gb₃ species involved in HUS pathogenesis

1987-08 - NICHD/PO1, Role of human milk in infant nutrition and health (PI of two subprojects):

1)  Glycobiology Core
2)  Isolation and characterization of the protective factor(s) in human milk against stable enterotoxin of E. coli

2004-prs - NIDDK/P30, Harvard Clinical Nutrition Research Center (Director of the Cell Biology Core)

C. Report of Current Research Activities

Principal investigator of currently unfunded projects:

1. a) Analysis of adiponectin and its subtypes
- b) Physiology of adiponectin (intestinal absorption and intestinal immunology)

2. a) Separation and analysis of active glycans of the medicinal mushroom, Trametes versicolor
- b) Role of T. versicolor components on intestinal immunity

Director of postdoctoral subprojects:

1. Isolation and identification of an active glycan from probiotic yeast
2. Isolation and characterization of an active glycan from bacterial probiotics

Co-investigator:

1. Ontogeny of intestinal glycosylation

D. Report of Teaching

1. Local Contributions

a. Medical School Courses

1973-76  Nutritional Biochemistry; Boston University

1974-76  Biochemistry Tutorial; Boston University

b. Graduate Medical Course

2004  Cell and Molecular Biology; Massachusetts General Hospital

c. Local Teaching and Invited Presentations

1980  Nutrition and Brain Development; Univ. of Kentucky Medical School (Physiology) and College of Arts & Sciences (Psychology)

1981  Protein and DNA Metabolism/Nutrition and Development/Brain Development;
Univ. of Kentucky College of Allied Health

1982 - Prostaglandins, Hormones of the GI Tract, endocrine control of Growth and Development; Univ. of Kentucky Medical School (Physiology)

1983 - Nutrition and Intelligence; Univ. of Kentucky College of Education

1984 - Nutrition and Brain Development; Univ. of Kentucky College of Allied Health Effect of Depriving Rat Pups of the "Non-essential" Amino Acid, Asparagine; Univ. of Kentucky Medical School (Anatomy)

1987-97 - Undergraduate Research Advising at the Shriver Center for Mental Retardation

Sheila Mallette (Regis College); advisor and lab preceptor of senior research project.

Edward Ullman, Jesse Lerman; director of post-baccalaureate, pre-medical experience.

Stephen Lui (Harvard College); advisor and lab preceptor of Independent Research Study and Senior Honors Thesis: "Profiling milk oligosaccharides from various species."

d. Teaching Leadership

2006 - Director; Glycobiology course; Massachusetts General Hospital-East,
Developmental Gastroenterology and Mucosal Immunity Laboratories

2005 - Co-Director; Molecular Cell Biology; Massachusetts General Hospital-East, Developmental Gastroenterology and Mucosal Immunity Laboratories

Names of Advisees or Trainees

f. Additional teaching and advising

1976-1984 University of Kentucky, Department of Nutrition and Food Science

My major teaching responsibilities included curriculum development, course organization, lecturing, and laboratory supervision. Students were primarily undergraduate, nursing, and graduate students, with some medical students exercising their elective choices. Each course typically had between one and five medical and graduate students. The one- to two-semester courses included: Food and Nutrition for Man; Nutritional Biochemistry; Seminars in Nutrition; Nutrition and Diet Therapy; Normal and Therapeutic Nutrition; Advanced Normal Nutrition; Nutrition & Physical Fitness; Special Problems: Research Experience & Paper; Research Methodology in Nutrition & Food Science

1987-2004 Shriver Center for Mental Retardation, Division of Biomedical Sciences

As a mentor in the Research Student Apprentice Program I directed research projects for 32 college-bound students, many of whom ultimately pursued a graduate degree in the sciences: Evelyn Wynn, Amy Dong, Denton Randolph, Randy Wu, Kerri Smith, Lawrence Lin, Jay Tuli, Robert Lee, Robert Altshuler, Arian Shadadi, Benjamin Ledsham, Cullen McGuire, Jeremy O'Brien, Rao Choudury, Sapna Dixit, Katie Nicholson, Daniel Lam, Christie Langenberg, Radhika Datar, Shereen Katrak, Leonid Shmuylovich, Michael Lazarus, Arianna Kelly, Edan Lev-Ari, Marissa Eisenberg, Matthew Rhodes, Tiffany Chan, Michael Ma, Josef Polak, Daniel Eisenberg, David Ma.

2. Regional, National, or International Contributions

a. Invited Presentations

Regional
1991 - Seminar; University of Connecticut, Department of Nutritional Sciences; Storrs, CT
1994 - Seminar; University of Rhode Island; Kingston, RI
1995 - Seminar; Boston University School of Medicine, Dept. of Biochemistry; Boston, MA
1996 - Seminar; McLean Hospital; Belmont, MA
2000 - Seminar; Bedford VA Medical Center; Bedford, MA
2000 - Seminar; Mass General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics; Boston, MA
2001 - Seminar; Mass General Hospital, Pediatr Gastroenterol & Nutr; Charlestown, MA
2001 - Speaker; Symposium: Functional Glycomics, Am. Chemical Society; Durham, NH
2001 - Speaker; Symposium: Glycoconjugates in Matrix Biology, Bedford VA; Bedford, MA
2001 - Seminar; Boston Glycobiology Discussion Group; Cambridge, MA
2002 - Seminar; Dartmouth College, VA Hospital; White River Junction, VT
2004 - Seminar; Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Mass General Hospital; Charlestown, MA
2005 - Speaker; Harvard Medical School Fellowship in Pediatric Gastroenterology and
2005 - Nutrition Fall Retreat; Children's Hospital Boston
2006 - Seminar; Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital

National
1979 - Seminar; Univ of Southern California, Pharmacology & Nutrition
1990 - Speaker; Symposium: Immunology & the Neonate, Society for Mucosal Immunology,
1990 - Plenary speaker; Intnl Conference, Society for Research on Human Milk & Lactation
1991 - Seminar; Ross Products Division of Abbott Laboratories
1991 - Symposium speaker; American Institute Nutrition/American Physiological Society,
1992 - Grand Rounds; Johns Hopkins University Hospital
1992 - Plenary presentation; American College of Advancement in Medicine
1992 - Seminar; Wyeth-Ayerst Nutritionals
1993 - Seminar; Neose Pharmaceuticals
1994 - Seminar; Wyeth-Ayerst Nutritionals
1994 - Plenary presentation; Maine Nutrition Council, Annual Nutrition Conference;
1996 - Symposium speaker; American Institute of Nutrition; Washington, DC
1996 - Seminar; Wyeth-Ayerst Nutritionals
1996 - Seminar; Penn State Univ Med Center, Biochemistry & Molec Biology
1996 - Seminar; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Bacterial Products
2000 - Speaker; The Patton Symposium, The Pennsylvania State University
2001 - Speaker; The Milk Club, Society for Pediatric Research
2001 - Seminar; Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida
2002 - Speaker; Workshop on Chemicals & Drugs in Breast Milk, NICHD/FDA;
2003 - Seminar; Mead-Johnson
2004 - Seminar; National Institute for Child Health and Human Development
2005 - Lecture, Neofest, Continuing Education Forum, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital
2006 - Speaker; The Milk Club, Pediatric Academic Societies
2006 - Discussant, Symposium of Human Milk & Breastfeeding, Pediatric Academic Societies

International
1994 - Speaker; Satellite Symposium, Congress of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Roorkee, India
1995 - Plenary speaker; International Conference, Society for Research on Human Milk & Lactation; Tlaxcala, Mexico
1995 - Workshop speaker; Canadian Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Centre; Ottawa, Canada
1996 - Plenary speaker; European Society for Social Pediatrics Annual Meeting; Milano, Italy
1998 - Plenary speaker; II Congresso Nazionale Societa'Italiana di Nutrizione Pediatrica; Milan, Italy
1999 - Speaker; Sino-American Symposium on Pediatric Gastroenterol & Nutrition; Shanghai, China
1999 - Speaker; European Society for Paediatric Haematology & Immunology;,Washington, DC
2000 - Speaker; III Congresso Nazionale Societa'Italiana di Nutrizione Pediatrica; Milan, Italy
2002 - Seminar; Anhui Provincial Hospital; Hefei, P.R. China
2003 - Symposium speaker; European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Prague, Czech Republic
2003 - Keynote speaker, Philippine Society of Pediatricians; Manila, The Philippines
2004 - Seminar; Nestlé; Lausanne, Switzerland
2004 - Symposium speaker; European Society Paediatric Gastroenterol, Hepatology & Nutrition; Paris, France
2005 - Seminar; Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan,
2005 - Saskatoon, Canada
2005 - Keynote speaker; Simposio Immunologia Unesp/Botucatu; Sao Paulo, Brasil

b. Professional and Educational Leadership Role

National

1991 - Co-chair of minisymposium at annual meeting; Am. Society for Nutritional Sciences
1993 - Chair of minisymposium at annual meeting; Am. Society for Nutritional Sciences
1994 - Chair of minisymposium at annual meeting; Am. Society for Nutritional Sciences
1996 - Chair of symposium at annual meeting; Society for Glycobiology
2004 - Co-chair of symposium at annual meeting; Am. Society for Nutritional Sciences

International

1997 - Conference Chair, International Meeting on Bioactive Substances in Human Milk; nternational Society for Research on Human Milk & Lactation;
1999 - Chair of minisymposium at international meeting; International Society for Research on Human Milk & Lactation

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Original Articles

1. Newburg DS, Frankel DL, Fillios LC. An asparagine requirement in young rats fed the dietary combinations of aspartic acid, glutamine, and glutamic acid. J Nutr 1975;105:356-63.

2. Concon JM, Newburg DS, Swerczek TW. Black pepper (Piper nigrum): Evidence of carcinogenicity. Nutr & Cancer 1979;1:22-6.

3. Newburg DS, Fillios LC. A requirement for dietary asparagine in pregnant rats. J Nutr 1979;109:2190-7.

4. Newburg DS, Concon JM. Malonaldehyde concentrations in food are affected by cooking conditions. J Food Sci 1980;45:1681-7.

5. Newburg DS, Fillios LC. Brain development in neonatal rats nursing asparagine-deprived dams. Dev Neurosci 1982;5:332-44.

6. Concon JM, Newburg DS, Eades SN. Lectins in wheat gluten proteins. J Agric Food Chem 1983;31:939-41.

7. Newburg DS, Concon JM. Lectins in rice and corn endosperm. J Agric Food Chem 1985;33:685-7.

8. Newburg DS, Yatziv S, McCluer RH, Raghavan S. b-Glucosidase inhibition in murine peritoneal macrophages by conduritol-B-epoxide: an in vitro model of the Gaucher cell. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986;877:121-6.

9. Yatziv S, Barfi G, Newburg DS. Lysosomal hydrolases in blood-derived macrophages of patients with I-cell disease. J Lab Clin Med 1986;108:365-8.

10. Newburg DS, Shea TB, Yatziv S, Raghavan SS, McCluer RH. Macrophages exposed in vitro to conduritol B epoxide resemble Gaucher cells. Exp Mol Pathol 1988;48:317-23.

11. Yatziv S, Newburg DS, Livni N, Barfi G, Kolodny EH. Gaucher-like changes in human blood-derived macrophages induced by b-glucocerebrosidase inhibition. J Lab Clin Med 1988;111:416-20.

12. Daniel PF, Newburg DS, O'Neil NE, Smith PW, Fleet GW. Effects of the a-mannosidase inhibitors, 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-mannitol and swainsonine, on glycoprotein catabolism in cultured macrophages. Glycoconj J 1989;6:229-40.

13. Newburg DS, Pickering LK, McCluer RH, Cleary TG. Fucosylated oligosaccharides of human milk protect suckling mice from heat-stabile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis 1990;162:1075-80.

14. Johnson JR, Berggren T, Newburg DS, McCluer RH, Manivel JC. Detailed histopathological examination contributes to the assessment of Escherichia coli urovirulence. J Urol 1992;147:1160-6.

15. Newburg DS, Ashkenazi S, Cleary TG. Human milk contains the Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxin receptor glycolipid Gb3. J Infect Dis 1992;166:832-6.

16. Newburg DS, Chaturvedi P. Neutral glycolipids of human and bovine milk. Lipids 1992;27:923-7.

17. Newburg DS, Viscidi RP, Ruff A, Yolken RH. A human milk factor inhibits binding of human immunodeficiency virus to the CD4 receptor. Pediatr Res 1992;31:22-8.

18. Yolken RH, Peterson JA, Vonderfecht SL, Fouts ET, Midthun K, Newburg DS. Human milk mucin inhibits rotavirus replication and prevents experimental gastroenteritis. J Clin Invest 1992;90:1984-91.

19. Newburg DS, Chaturvedi P, Lopez EL, Devoto S, Fayad A, Cleary TG. Susceptibility to hemolytic-uremic syndrome relates to erythrocyte glycosphingolipid patterns. J Infect Dis 1993;168:476-9.

20. Crane JK, Azar SS, Stam A, Newburg DS. Oligosaccharides from human milk block binding and activity of the Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) in the T84 cell line. J Nutr 1994;124:2358-64.

21. Newburg DS, Linhardt RJ, Ampofo SA, Yolken RH. Human milk glycosaminoglycans inhibit HIV glycoprotein gp120 binding to its host cell CD4 receptor. J Nutr 1995;125:419-24.

22. Wiederschain GY, Newburg DS. Human milk fucosyltransferase and a-L-fucosidase activities change during the course of lactation. J Nutr Biochem 1995;6:582-7.

23. Natowicz MR, Prence EM, Chaturvedi P, Newburg DS. Urine sulfatides and the diagnosis of metachromatic leukodystrophy. Clin Chem 1996;42:232-8.

24. Prence EM, Chaturvedi P, Newburg DS. In vitro accumulation of glucocerebroside in neuroblastoma cells: a model for study of Gaucher disease pathobiology. J Neurosci Res 1996;43:365-71.

25. Wiederschain GY, Newburg DS. Compartmentalization of fucosyltransferase and a-L-fucosidase in human milk. Biochem Mol Med 1996;58:211-20.

26. Chaturvedi P, Warren CD, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Pickering LK, Newburg DS. Milk oligosaccharide profiles by reversed-phase HPLC of their perbenzoylated derivatives. Anal Biochem 1997;251:89-97.

27. Newburg DS, Peterson JA, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Matson DO, Morrow AL, Shults J, Guerrero ML, Chaturvedi P, Newburg SO, Scallan CD, Taylor MR, Ceriani RL, Pickering LK. Role of human-milk lactadherin in protection against symptomatic rotavirus infection. Lancet 1998;351:1160-4.

28. Ogborn MR, Hamiwka L, Orrbine E, Newburg DS, Sharma A, McLaine PN, Orr P, Rowe P. Renal function in Inuit survivors of epidemic hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 1998;12:485-8.

29. Shen Z, Warren CD, Newburg DS. High-performance capillary electrophoresis of sialylated oligosaccharides of human milk. Anal Biochem 2000;279:37-45.

30. Bulik DA, van Ophem P, Manning JM, Shen Z, Newburg DS, Jarroll EL. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase, a key enzyme in encysting Giardia, is allosterically regulated. J Biol Chem 2000;275:14722-8.

31. Eisenhauer PB, Chaturvedi P, Fine RE, Ritchie AJ, Pober JS, Cleary TG, Newburg DS. TNF-a increases human cerebral endothelial cell Gb3 and sensitivity to Shiga toxin. Infect Immun 2001;69:1889-94.

32. Chaturvedi P, Warren CD, Altaye M, Morrow AL, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Pickering LK, Newburg DS. Fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides vary among individuals over the course of lactation. Glycobiology 2001;11:365-72.

33. Shen Z, Warren CD, Newburg DS. Resolution of structural isomers of sialylated oligosaccharides by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2001;921(2):315-21.

34. Wiederschain GY, Newburg DS. Glycoconjugate stability in human milk: glycosidase activities and sugar release. J Nutr Biochem 2001;12:559-64.

35. Dai D, Nanthakumar NN, Savidge TC, Newburg DS, Walker WA. Region-specific ontogeny of a2,6 sialyltransferase during normal and cortisone-induced maturation in the mouse intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002;282:G480-90.

36. Nanthakumar NN, Dai D, Newburg DS, Walker WA. The role of indigenous microflora in the development of murine intestinal fucosyl- and sialyltransferases. FASEB J (November 15, 2002) 10.1096/fj.02-0031fje (summary: FASEB J 2003;17:44-6).

37. Ruiz-Palacios GM, Cervantes LE, Ramos P, Chavez-Munguia B, Newburg DS. Campylobacter jejuni binds intestinal H(O) antigen (Fuca1,2Galb1,4GlcNAc), and fucosyloligosaccharides of human milk inhibit its binding and infection. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:14112-20.

38. Huang P, Farkas T, Marionneau S, Zhong W, Ruvoën-Clouet N, Morrow AL, Altaye M, Pickering LK, Newburg DS, LePendu J, Jiang X. Noroviruses bind to human ABO, Lewis and secretor histo-blood group antigens: Identification of four distinct strain-specific patterns. J Infect Dis 2003;188:19-31.

39. Newburg DS, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Altaye M, Chaturvedi P, Meinzen-Derr J, Guerrero ML, Morrow AL. Innate protection conferred by fucosylated oligosaccharides of human milk against diarrhea in breastfed infants. Glycobiology 2004;14(3):253-63. Published erratum Glycobiology 14(5):13G.

40. Sener K, Shen Z, Newburg DS, Jarroll EL. Levels of amino sugar phosphate intermediates in Giardia change during encystment. Microbiology 2004;150:1225-30.

41. Eisenhauer PB, Jacewicz MS, Conn KJ, Koul O, Wells JM, Fine RE, Newburg DS. Escherichia coli Shiga toxin 1 and TNF-a induce cytokine release by human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. Microb Pathog 2004;36:189-96.

42. Morrow AL, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Altaye M, Jiang X, Guerrero ML, Meinzen-Derr JK, Farkas T, Chaturvedi P, Pickering LK, Newburg DS. Human milk oligosaccharides are associated with protection against diarrhea in breastfed infants. J Pediatr 2004;145:297-303.

43. Jiang X, Huang P, Zhong W, Tan M, Farkas T, Morrow AL, Newburg DS, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Pickering LK. Human milk contains elements that block binding of Noroviruses to human histo-blood group antigens in saliva. J Infect Dis 2004;190:1850-9.

44. Nanthakumar NN, Dai D, Meng D, Chaudry N, Newburg DS, Walker WA. Regulation of intestinal ontogeny: Effect of glucocorticoids and luminal microbes on galactosyltransferase and trehalase induction in mice. Glycobiology 2005;15(3):221-232

45. Stepans MBF, Wilhelm SL, Hertzog M, CRdehorst TKC, Blaney S, Clemens B, Polak JJ III, Newburg DS. Early consumption of human milk oligosaccharides is inversely rlated to subsequent risk of respiratory and enteric disease in infants. Breastfeeding Medicine 2006;1(4):207-215

Proceedings of Meetings

1. Newburg DS, Daniel PF, O'Neil NE, McCluer RH. High performance liquid chromatography of oligosaccharides from human milk and colostrum. In: Hamosh M, Goldman AS, editors. Human Lactation 2: Maternal and Environmental Factors. New York: Plenum Press; 1986. p 581-8.

2. Newburg DS, Hundreiser KE, McCluer RH. Novel glycolipids of human and bovine milk. In: Atkinson SA, Hanson LA, Chandra RK, editors. Human Lactation 4: Breastfeeding, Nutrition, Infection and Infant Growth in Developed and Emerging Countries. St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada: ARTS Biomedical Publishers; 1990. p 541.

3. Ashkenazi S, Newburg DS, Cleary TG. The effect of human milk on the adherence of enterohemorrhagic E. coli to rabbit intestinal cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 1991;310:173-7.

4. Newburg DS, Yolken RH. Characterization of a human milk factor that inhibits binding of HIV gp120 to its CD4 receptor. Adv Exp Med Biol 1991;310:281-91.

5. Newburg DS, Yolken RH. Anti-HIV components of human milk. In: Picciano MF, Lonnerdal B, editors. Mechanisms Regulating Lactation and Infant Nutrient Utilization. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1992. p 189-210.

6. Newburg DS, Chaturvedi P, Crane JK, Cleary TG, Pickering LK. Fucosylated oligosaccharide(s) of human milk inhibits stable toxin of Escherichia coli. In: Agrawal VP, Sharma CB, Abidi SAH, Zingde MD, editors. Complex Carbohydrates and Advances in Biosciences. Muzaffarnagar, India: Society of Biosciences; 1995. p 199-226.

7. Newburg DS. Do the binding properties of oligosaccharides in milk protect the infant from gastrointestinal bacteria? J Nutr 1997;127(Suppl):980-4.

8. Newburg DS. Oligosaccharides in human milk and bacterial colonization. First Annual Sino-American Symposium on Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition; 1999 March 23-25; Shanghai, China. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000;30:S8-17.

9. Dai D, Nanthakumar NN, Newburg DS, Walker WA. Role of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in intestinal host defense. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 30:S23-33.

10. Newburg D, Shen Z, Warren C. Quantitative analysis of human milk oligosaccharides by capillary electrophoresis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000;478:381-2.

11. Newburg DS. Bioactive components of human milk: Evolution, efficiency, and protection. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001;501:3-10.

12. Chaturvedi P, Warren CD, Buescher CR, Pickering LK, Newburg DS. Survival of human milk oligosaccharides in the intestine of infants. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001;501:315-23.

13. Warren CD, Chaturvedi P, Newburg AR, Oftedal OT, Tilden CD, Newburg DS. Comparison of oligosaccharides in milk specimens from humans and twelve other species. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001;501:325-32.

14. Herrera-Insua I, Gomez HF, Diaz-Gonzalez VA, Chaturvedi P, Newburg DS, Cleary TG. Human milk lipids bind Shiga toxin. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001;501:333-9.

15. Gomez HF, Herrera-Insua I, Siddiqui MM, Diaz-Gonzalez VA, Carceres E, Newburg DS, Cleary TG. Protective role of human lactoferrin against invasion of Shigella Flexneri M90T. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001;501:457-67.

16. Wiederschain GY, Newburg DS. Glycosidase activities and sugar release in human milk. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001;501:573-7.

17. Newburg DS, Chaturvedi P, Warren CD, Altaye M, Morrow AL, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Pickering LK. Milk oligosaccharides vary within individuals and during lactation. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002;503:295-7.

18. Davidson B, Meinzen-Derr J, Wagner CL, Newburg DS, Morrow AL. Fucosylated oligosaccharides in human milk in relation of infant gestational age. Adv Exp Med Biol 2004;554:427-30.

19. Morrow AL, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Altaye M, Jiang X, Guerrero ML, Meinzen-Derr JK, Farkas T, Chaturvedi P, Pickering LK, Newburg DS. Human milk oligosaccharide blood group epitopes and innate immune protection against diarrhea in breast-fed infants. Adv Exp Med Biol 2004;554:443-6.

20. Newburg DS, Ruiz-Palacios, GM, Altaye M, Chaturvedi P, Guerrero ML, Meinzen-Derr JK, Morrow AL. Human milk a1,2-linked fucosyloligosaccharides decrease risk of ST-Escherichia coli diarrhea in breastfed infants. Adv Exp Med Biol 2004;554:457-61.

21. Viveros-Rogel M, Soto-Ramirez L, Newburg D, Ruiz-Palacios GM. Inhibition of HIV-1 infection in vitro by human milk sulfated glycolipids and glycosaminoglycans. Adv Exp Med Biol 2004;554:481-7.

22. Newburg D, Morrow A, Jiang X, Ruiz-Palacios G. Beyond FOS and GOS for infant formulas. Pediatric Gastroenterology 2004: Reports from the 2nd World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Paris (France), July 3–7, 2004. Bologna, Italy: Medimonde International Proceedings, 2004.

23. Newburg DS. Innate immunity and human milk. J Nutr (Suppl) 2005;135:1310-4.

24. Morrow AL, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Jiang X, Newburg DS. Human milk glycans that inhibit pathogen binding protect infants against infectious diarrhea. J Nutr (Suppl) 2005;135:1306-10.

Reviews, Chapters, Editorials

1. Concon JM, Swerczek TW, Newburg DS. Potential carcinogenicity of black pepper (Piper nigrum). In: Ory RL, editor. Antinutrients and natural toxicants in foods. Westport CN: Food and Nutrition Press; 1981. pp 359-74.

2. Ruiz-Palacios GM, Cervantes LE, Newburg DS, Lopez-Vidal Y, Calva JJ. In vitro models for studying Campylobacter infections. In: Nachamkin I, Blaser MJ, Tomkins LS, editors. Campylobacter jejuni. Current Status and Future Trends. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1992. pp 176-83.

3. Jensen RG, Newburg DS. Bovine milk lipids. In: Jensen RG, editor. Handbook of Milk Composition. Orlando: Academic Press; 1995. pp 543-75.

4. Jensen RG, Bitman J, Carlson SE, Couch SC, Hamosh M, Newburg DS. Human milk lipids. In: Jensen RG, editor. Handbook of Milk Composition. Orlando: Academic Press; 1995. pp 495-542.

5. Newburg DS, Neubauer, SH. Carbohydrates in milk: analysis, quantities, and significance. In: Jensen RG, editor. Handbook of Milk Composition. Orlando: Academic Press; 1995. pp 273-349.

6. Newburg DS. Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in human milk: Their role in host defense. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1996;1996:271-83.

7. Newburg DS, Street JM. Bioactive materials in human milk: Milk sugars sweeten the argument for breast-feeding. Nutr Today 1997;32:191-201.

8. Newburg DS. Human-milk lactadherin in protection against rotavirus [letter]. Lancet 1998;351:1816.

9. Jungalwala FB, Natowicz M, Chaturvedi P, Newburg DS. Analyses of sulfatide and enzymes of sulfatide metabolism. Meth Enzymol 1999;311:94-105.

10. Newburg DS. Human milk glycoconjugates that inhibit pathogens. Curr Med Chem 1999;6:117-27.

11. Newburg DS. [editorial] Are all human milks created equal? Variation in human milk oligosaccharides. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000;30:131-3.

12. Wiederschain GY, Newburg DS. a-Fucosidases. In: Creighton TE, editor. Wiley Encyclopedia of Molecular Medicine. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002. pp 133-6.

13. Wiederschain GY, Newburg DS. Fucosyltransferases. In: Creighton TE, editor. Wiley Encyclopedia of Molecular Medicine. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002. pp 1335-8.

14. Newburg DS. [editorial comment] Do breastfeeding mothers provide innate immunity to their infants through milk oligosaccharides? Riv Ital Pediatr 2003;29:6-8.

15. Newburg DS, Morrow AL, Ruiz-Palacios GM. Human milk glycans protect infants against enteric pathogens. Annu Rev Nutr 2005;25:2537-58.

16. Newburg DS, Walker, WA. Protection of the neonate by the innate immune system of developing gut and of human milk. Pediatr Res 2007;61:1-8.

Book

Newburg DS, editor. Bioactive components of human milk. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Series, Vol. 501. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001, 592 pp.

Letter to the Editor

Newburg DS. Human-milk lactadherin in protection against rotavirus [letter]. Lancet 1998;351:1816.

Dissertation

Newburg DS. Dietary asparagine and brain development. Boston (MA): Boston University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; 1976:119 pp.

Patents

Peterson JA, Yolken RH, Newburg DS, inventors. Anti-diarrheic product and method of treating rotavirus-associated infection. US patent 5,505,955. 1996 April 29.

Peterson JA, Yolken RH, Newburg DS, inventors. Anti-viral composition and kit and use for treating rotavirus infection and diarrhea. International patent 5,667,797. 1977 September 16.

Newburg DS, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Morrow AL. Oligosaccharide composition and use thereof in the treatment of infection. International patent 20,988,339. 2004 December 7 (pending).