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Peer Reviewed Journal Articles
1. L. E. DeFrate, G. Li, S. Zayontz, J. H. Herndon. "A minimally
invasive method for the determination of force in the interosseous ligament."
Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2001 Dec;16(10):895-900.
2. G. Li, T. J. Gill, L. E. DeFrate, S. Zayontz, V. Glatt, B. Zarins. "Biomechanical
consequences of PCL deficiency in the knee under simulated muscle loads--an
in vitro experimental study." J Orthop Res. 2002 Jul;20(4):887-92.
3. G. Li, L. E. DeFrate, J. F. Suggs, T. J. Gill. "Determination of optimal
graft lengths for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction--a theoretical
analysis." J Biomech Eng. 2003 Apr;125(2):295-9.
4. T. J. Gill, L.E. DeFrate, C. Wang, C. T. Carey, S. Zayontz, B. Zarins,
G. Li. "The biomechanical effect of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
on knee joint function. Kinematic response to simulated muscle loads."
Am J Sports Med. 2003 Jul-Aug;31(4):530-6.
5. G. Li, S. Zayontz, L. E. DeFrate, E. Most, V. Glatt, H. E. Rubash. "Kinematics
of the knee at high flexion angles: an in vitro investigation." J Orthop
Res. 2004 Jan;22(1):90-5.
6. T. J. Gill, L.E. DeFrate, C. Wang, C. T. Carey, S. Zayontz, B. Zarins,
G. Li. "The effect of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on patellofemoral
contact pressures in the knee joint under simulated muscle loads." Am
J Sports Med. 2004 Jan-Feb;32(1):109-15.
7. G. Li, S. Zayontz, E. Most, L. E. DeFrate, J.F. Suggs, H. E. Rubash. "In
situ forces of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments in high knee
flexion: an in vitro investigation." J Orthop Res. 2004 Mar;22(2):293-7.
8. G. Li, T.H. Wuerz, L.E. DeFrate. "Feasibility of using orthogonal
fluoroscopic images to measure in-vivo joint kinematics." J Biomech Eng.
2004 Apr;126(2):314-8.
9. G. Li, E. Most, L.E. DeFrate, J.F. Suggs, T.J. Gill, H.E. Rubash. "Effect
of the posterior cruciate ligament on posterior stability of the knee in high
flexion." J Biomech. 2004 May;37(5):779-83.
10. L.E. DeFrate, A. van der Ven, T.J. Gill, G. Li. "The effect of length
on the structural properties of an Achilles tendon graft as used in posterior
cruciate ligament reconstruction." Am J Sports Med. 2004 Jun;32(4):993-7.
11. G. Li, L.E. DeFrate, S.E. Park, T.J. Gill. "The effect of tibiofemoral
kinematics on patellofemoral joint contact pressures." J Orthop Res.
2004 Jul;22(4):801-6.
12. G. Li, L.E. DeFrate, H. Sun, T.J. Gill.. "Elongation of the ACL and
PCL during in-vivo knee flexion." Am J Sports Med. 2004 Sep;32(6):1415-20.
13. S.E. Park, B.D. Stamos, L.E. DeFrate, T.J. Gill, G. Li. "The effect
of posterior knee capsulotomy on posterior tibial translation during PCL tibial
inlay reconstruction." Am J Sports Med. 2004 Sep;32(6): 1514-9.
14. L.E. DeFrate, H. Sun, T.J. Gill, H.E. Rubash, G. Li. "In vivo tibiofemoral
contact analysis using 3D MRI-based knee models." J Biomech. 2004 Oct;37(10):1499-504.
15. L.E. DeFrate, T.J. Gill, G. Li. "In vivo function of the posterior
cruciate ligament during weightbearing knee flexion." Am J Sports Med.
2004 Dec;32(8):1923-8.
16. G. Li, L.E. DeFrate, S.E. Park, T.J. Gill, H.E. Rubash. In vivo articular
cartilage contact kinematics of the knee: an investigation using dual-orthogonal
fluoroscopy and magnetic resonance image-based computer models. Am J Sports
Med. 2005 Jan;33(1):102-7.
17. J.D. Yoo, R. Papannagari, S.E. Park, L.E. DeFrate, T.J. Gill, G. Li. "The
effect of ACL reconstruction on knee joint kinematics under simulated muscle
loads." Am J Sports Med. 2005 Feb;33(2):240-6.
18. G. Li., L.E. DeFrate, T.J. Gill.. "In-vivo kinematics of the anterior
cruciate ligament during weightbearing knee flexion." J Orthop Res. 2005
Mar;23(2):340-4.
19. S.E. Park, M.E. Schutzer, L. Ji, L.E. DeFrate, H.E Rubash, G. Li. The
cartilage thickness distribution in the tibiofemoral joint and its correlation
with cartilage-to-cartilage contact. Clin Biomech. 2005 Aug;20(7):736-44.
20. S.E. Park, L.E. DeFrate, J.F. Suggs, T.J. Gill, H.E. Rubash, G. Li. "Elongation
of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments during in-vivo knee flexion.
Knee. 2005 Oct:12(5):377-382.
21. L.E. DeFrate, A. van der Ven, P.J. Boyer, T.J. Gill, G. Li. "The
measurement of the variation in the surface strains of Achilles tendon grafts
using imaging techniques." J Biomech. 2006;39(3):399-405.
22. G. Li, R. Papannagari, L.E. DeFrate, J.D. Yoo, S.E. Park, T.J. Gill. "A
comparison of the force vectors in the ACL and ACL graft in response to anterior
tibial loads-An in-vitro robotic investigation." Acta Orthop Scand. In
press.
23. L.E. DeFrate, R. Papannagari, T.J. Gill, J. Moses, N. Pathare, G.
Li. "The six degrees-of-freedom kinematics of the knee after ACL deficiency-an
in-vivo imaging analysis." Am J Sports Med. In press.
24. G. Li, J.M. Moses, R. Papannagari, N.P. Pathare, L.E. DeFrate, T.J.
Gill. "ACL-deficiency alters in-vivo tibiofemoral cartilage contact patterns
in both the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions". J Bone Joint
Surg. In press.
25. L.E. DeFrate, G. Li. "An analytical simulation of the stress-strain
behavior of ligaments and tendons." Submitted to Biomech Model Mechanobiol.
26. R. Schwarzkopf, L.E. DeFrate, G. Li, J.H. Herndon. "The insertion
areas of the deep forearm muscles on the interosseous ligament."Submitted
to J Bone Joint Surg.
27. G. Li, R. Papannagari, L.E. DeFrate, J.D. Yoo, S.E. Park, T. J. Gill.
"Translation or Rotation? - The biomechanical function of the ACL revisited".
Submitted to Clin Orthop Res.
28. R. Papannagari, T.J. Gill, L.E. DeFrate, J.M. Moses, A.J. Petruska, G.
Li. "In-vivo kinematics of the knee after ACL reconstruction-A clinical
and functional evaluation". Submitted to Am J Sports Med.
Abstracts in Conferences
1. L. E. DeFrate, T. C. Doehring, L. G. Doehring, L. G. Gilbertson, W.
F. Donaldson III, J. D. Kang, S. L-Y. Woo: "Axial rotation limits cervical
spine flexion-extension range of motion." American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, Bioengineering Division Summer Annual Meeting. Sunriver, OR. June
1997.
2. L. E. DeFrate, T. C. Doehring, K. Nishida, J. D. Kang, L. G. Gilbertson,
S. L-Y. Woo: "Virtual reality assisted measurement of in-vivo cervical
spine kinematics." American Society of Mechanical Engineers, International
Mechanical Engineering Conference and Exposition Winter Annual Meeting. Dallas,
TX. Nov 1997.
3. L. G. Gilbertson, J. D. Kang, K. Nishida, L. E. DeFrate, T. C. Doehring,
S. L-Y. Woo: "Combined movements of the cervical spine: Effect of axial
rotation on flexion-extension." 44th Annual Meeting, Orthopaedic Research
Society. New Orleans, LA. Mar 1998.
4. L. G. Gilbertson, K. Nishida, I. D. Gelalis, L. E. DeFrate, S. L-Y. Woo:
"Virtual reality based measurement system for in-vivo assessment of cervical
spine kinematics." 5th Annual Japan United States Singapore Spine Conference.
Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Aug 1998.
5. K. Nishida, J. Gelalis, L. G. Gilbertson, L. E. DeFrate, S. L-Y. Woo: "Effect
of movement strategy on in-vivo cervical spine flexion/extension." Biomedical
Engineering Society 1998 Fall Annual Meeting. Cleveland, OH. Oct 1998.
6. L. E. DeFrate, J. L. Sakai, L. G. Gilbertson, S. H. Moon, K. Nishida, W.
F. Donaldson, J. D. Kang, S L-Y. Woo. "Magnetic tracking/virtual reality
based system for comprehensive kinematic assessment of the cervical spine."
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Bioengineering Division Summer Annual
Meeting. Big Sky, MT. June 1999.
7. J.L. Sakai, L.G. Gilbertson, L.E. DeFrate, S.H. Moon, W.F. Donaldson, J.D.,
S.L-Y. Woo. "Basic science and clinical applications of a magnetic tracking/virtual
reality based system for assessment of overall cervical spine kinematics."
23rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics. Pittsburgh, PA.
Oct 1999.
8. L. E. DeFrate, G. Li, E. Most. "Stress concentration at a circular
defect in the articular cartilage of the knee: A 3D computational simulation."
8th Annual Symposium in Computational Methods in Orthopaedic Biomechanics.
Lake Buena Vista, FL. Mar 2000.
9. E. Most, G. Li, L. E. DeFrate, O. Lopez. "Decreased ACL stiffness
causes high cartilage contact stresses". International Symposium for
the Study of Ligaments and Tendon. Lake Buena Vista, FL, Mar 2000.
10. L. G. Gilbertson, J. L. Sakai, L. E. DeFrate, W. F. Donaldson III, J.
D. Kang, S. L-Y. Woo. "Virtual reality assisted functional assessment
of the cervical spine." 46th Annual Meeting, Orthopaedic Research Society.
Orlando, FL, Mar 2000.
11. L. E. DeFrate, G. Li, S. Zayontz, J.H. Herndon. "The biomechanical
function of the interosseous ligament of the forearm." International
Symposium for the Study of Ligaments and Tendons. Stanford, CA, Feb 2001.
12. L. E. DeFrate, G. Li, S. Zayontz, J. B. Jupiter, J. H. Herndon. "A
minimally invasive method for the measurement of force in the interosseous
ligament" Orthopaedic Research Society 48th Annual Meeting. Dallas, TX.
Feb 2002.
13. T. J. Gill, L. E. DeFrate, G. Li, C. T. Carey, S. J. Zayontz, V. Glatt,
B. Zarins. "The effect of PCL reconstruction on the kinematics of the
knee under simulated muscle loads." Orthopaedic Research Society 48th
Annual Meeting. Dallas, TX. Feb 2002.
14. T. J. Gill, S. Zayontz, C. T. Carey, L. E. DeFrate, V. Glatt, B. Zarins,
G. Li. "The effect of PCL reconstruction on patellofemoral joint contact
pressures." American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Sports Medicine
Specialty Day. Dallas, TX. Feb 2002.
15. S. Zayontz, E. Most, L. E. DeFrate, G. Li, J. F. Suggs, V. Glatt, H. Rubash.
"ACL and PCL do not carry significant loads in high flexion of the knee
under muscle loads." Orthopaedic Research Society 48th Annual Meeting.
Dallas, TX. Feb 2002.
16. T. J. Gill, L. E. DeFrate, C. Wang, C. T. Carey, S. Zayontz, B. Zarins,
G. Li. "Does PCL reconstruction restore knee kinematics?" American
Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 69th Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA. Feb
2003.
17. T.J. Gill, L.E. DeFrate, CT Carey; S Zayontz, D.B. Golden, B. Zarins,
G. Li. "Variation of patellofemoral joint contact pressures after posterior
cruciate ligament reconstruction." Orthopaedic Research Society 49th
Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA. Feb 2003.
18. L.E. DeFrate, A. Van der Ven, J.F. Suggs, T.J. Gill, G. Li. "Importance
of the Effective Length of an Achilles Tendon Graft on its Structural Properties."
Orthopaedic Research Society 49th Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA. Feb 2003.
19. G. Li, L.E. DeFrate, E. Most, J.F. Suggs, T.J. Gill, A.A. Freiberg, H.E.
Rubash. "The effect of the PCL on knee function at high flexion angles."
Orthopaedic Research Society 49th Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA. Feb 2003.
20. G. Li, S. Zayontz, E. Most, L.E. DeFrate, J.F. Suggs, H.E. Rubash. "In
situ forces of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments at high knee
flexion." American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 70th Annual Meeting.
New Orleans, LA. Feb 2003.
21. L.E. DeFrate, H. Sun, T.H. Wuerz, T.J. Gill, G. Li. "In-vivo tibiofemoral
joint kinematics during weightbearing flexion." Orthopaedic Research
Society 50th Annual Meeting. San Francisco, CA. Mar 2004.
22. S.E. Park, L.E. DeFrate, B.D. Stamos, T.J. Gill, G. Li. "The effect
of incision of posterior capsule on knee function during PCL reconstruction
using a tibial inlay technique." Orthopaedic Research Society 50th Annual
Meeting. San Francisco, CA. Mar 2004.
23. G. Li, L.E. DeFrate, H. Sun, T.J. Gill. "The change in length of the ACL and PCL during in-vivo knee flexion." Orthopaedic Research Society 50th Annual Meeting. San Francisco, CA. Mar 2004.
24. L.E. DeFrate, T.J. Gill, S.E. Park, B.D. Stamos, G. Li. "Tibiofemoral joint kinematics affect patellofemoral joint contact pressures." Orthopaedic Research Society 50th Annual Meeting. San Francisco, CA. Mar 2004.
25. G. Li, L.E. DeFrate, S.E. Park, T.J. Gill, H.E. Rubash. "In-vivo knee ligament function." American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 71st Annual Meeting. Washington, DC. Feb 2005.
26. J.D. Yoo, R. Pappanagari, S.E. Park, L.E. DeFrate, T.J. Gill, G. Li.
"The effect of ACL reconstruction on knee joint kinematics under simulated
muscle loads." American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 71st Annual Meeting.
Washington, DC. Feb 2005.
27. G. Li, R. Papannagari, L.E. DeFrate, J.D. Yoo, S.E. Park, T.J. Gill. "Intrinsic
biomechanics of ACL reconstruction- An in-vitro robotic investigation."
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 71st Annual Meeting. Washington,
DC. Feb 2005.
28. R. Papannagari, T.J. Gill, L.E. DeFrate, J.D. Yoo, S.E. Park, G. Li. "In-situ
force orientation of the ACL and ACL graft." Orthopaedic Research Society
51st Annual Meeting. Washington, DC. Feb 2005.
29. J.D. Yoo, R. Papannagari, S.E. Park, L.E. DeFrate, T.J. Gill, G. Li. "The
effect of ACL reconstruction on knee joint kinematics under simulated muscle
loads." Orthopaedic Research Society 51st Annual Meeting. Washington,
DC. Feb 2005.
30. G. Li, L.E. DeFrate, T.J. Gill. "In-vivo kinematics of the ACL during
weight-bearing knee flexion." Orthopaedic Research Society 51st Annual
Meeting. Washington, DC. Feb 2005.
31. G. Li, S.E. Park, L.E. DeFrate, M.E. Schutzer, L. Ji, T.J. Gill, H.E.
Rubash. "In-vivo cartilage contact kinematics and cartilage thickness
distribution in the human tibiofemoral joint." Orthopaedic Research Society
51st Annual Meeting. Washington, DC. Feb 2005.
32. S.E. Park, L.E. DeFrate, J.F. Suggs, T.J. Gill, H.E. Rubash, G. Li. "The
length change of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments during in-vivo
knee flexion." Orthopaedic Research Society 51st Annual Meeting. Washington,
DC. Feb 2005.
33. L.E. DeFrate, T.J. Gill, G. Li. "The 3D kinematics of the PCL
during in-vivo weight-bearing flexion." Orthopaedic Research Society
51st Annual Meeting. Washington, DC. Feb 2005.
34. L.E. DeFrate, A. van der Ven, P.J. Boyer, G. Li. "The measurement
of the three-dimensional surface strain distribution of achilles tendon grafts."
Orthopaedic Research Society 51st Annual Meeting. Washington, DC. Feb 2005.
35. L.E. DeFrate, G. Li. "The prediction of the stress-strain behavior
of ligaments and tendons." Orthopaedic Research Society 51st Annual Meeting.
Washington, DC. Feb 2005.
36. G. Li, L.E. DeFrate, J.F. Suggs, G.R. Hanson, R. Papannagari, H.E. Rubash.
"The development of an orthogonal fluoroscopic and MR imaging technique
for accurately measuring in-vivo knee joint kinematics." American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, Bioengineering Division Summer Annual Meeting. Vail,
CO. June 2005.
37. L.E. DeFrate, G. Li. "The prediction of the stress-strain behavior
of ligaments and tendons." American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
Bioengineering Division Summer Annual Meeting. Vail, CO. June 2005.
38. L.E. DeFrate, A. van der Ven, P.J. Boyer, T.J. Gill, G. Li. "The
measurement of the variation in the surface strains of Achilles tendon grafts
using imaging techniques." American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
Bioengineering Division Summer Annual Meeting. Vail, CO. June 2005.
39. R. Papannagari, L.E. DeFrate, J.M. Moses, T.J. Gill, G. Li. "In-vivo
knee kinematics after ACL reconstruction: Active and passive evaluations."
Orthopaedic Research Society 52nd Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL. March 2006.
40. G. Li, L.E. DeFrate, M.E. Moussa, R. Papannagari, J.M Moses, T.J. Gill.
"In-vivo posterior cruciate ligament function: Hyperextension to maximal
flexion." Orthopaedic Research Society 52nd Annual Meeting. Chicago,
IL. March 2006.
41. L.E. DeFrate, G. Li. "The prediction of the stress-relaxation behavior
of ligaments and tendons." Orthopaedic Research Society 52nd Annual Meeting.
Chicago, IL. March 2006.
42. R. Schwarzkopf, L.E. DeFrate, G. Li, J.H. Herndon. "The deep forearm
muscle origin areas on the interosseous ligament". Orthopaedic Research
Society 52nd Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL. March 2006.
43. L.E. DeFrate, R. Papannagari, J.M. Moses, T.J. Gill, G. Li. "ACL
deficiency causes medial tibial translation: An in-vivo and in-vitro investigation."
Orthopaedic Research Society 52nd Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL. Mar