What are interstitial lung diseases?

Interstitial lung disease is the name for a group of more than 200 ongoing (chronic) lung disorders. These diseases inflame or scar the lungs. The inflammation and scarring make it hard to get enough oxygen. The scarring is called pulmonary fibrosis.

The symptoms and course of these diseases may vary from person to person. The common link between the many forms of the disease is that they all begin with an inflammation.

• Bronchiolitis. This is inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles).

• Alveolitis. This is inflammation of the air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the blood takes place (alveoli).

• Vasculitis. This is inflammation that affects the small blood vessels (capillaries).

The most common types of interstitial lung disease are: 

• A drug-induced disease

• Exposure to substances at work or in the environment 

• Lung injury because of radiation

Fibrosis leads to long-term (permanent) loss of your lung tissue’s ability to carry oxygen. When the scar tissue forms, it destroys the air sacs. It also destroys the lung tissue around the air sacs and the lung capillaries.

The disease may run a slow course or a rapid course. People that have it may notice variation in symptoms, from very mild to moderate to very severe. The condition may stay the same for a long time. Or it may change quickly. The course of the disease is unpredictable. If it progresses, the lung tissue thickens and becomes stiff. Breathing becomes more difficult.

What causes interstitial lung diseases?

The cause of interstitial lung disease is not known. Major contributing factors are smoking and inhaling environmental or occupational pollutants, such as inorganic or organic dusts.

Other contributing factors include:

• Certain drugs or medicines

• Certain connective tissue or collagen diseases and sarcoidosis

• Family history

• Radiation treatment

What are the symptoms of interstitial lung diseases?

Symptoms are a bit different for each person. Here are the most common ones:

• Shortness of breath, especially with activity

• Dry, hacking cough that does not produce phlegm

• Extreme tiredness and weakness

• No appetite

• Unexplained weight loss

• Mild pain in the chest

• Labored breathing, which may be fast and shallow

• Bleeding in the lungs

The symptoms of interstitial lung diseases may look like other lung conditions or health problems. Talk with your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

How are interstitial lungs diseases diagnosed?

In addition to a complete health history and physical exam, the healthcare provider may also request pulmonary function tests. These tests help to measure the lungs’ ability to move air into and out of the lungs. The tests are often done with machines into which you breathe. They may include the following.

How are interstitial lung diseases treated?

Because there are so many causes, treatment will vary. Some interstitial lung diseases don't have a cure. Treatment is aimed at preventing more lung scarring, managing symptoms, and helping you stay active and healthy. Treatment can’t fix lung scarring that has already occurred.

Treatments may include:

• Lung transplant

• Medicine taken by mouth (oral), including corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and cyclophosphamide to suppress the immune system

• Oxygen therapy, from portable containers

• Pulmonary rehab

Check with your healthcare provider about getting flu and pneumococcal shots. Getting a flu shot every year can help prevent both the flu and pneumonia. In addition, pneumococcal bacteria can cause minor problems such as ear infections. But they can also develop into life-threatening illnesses of the lungs (pneumonia), the covering of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis), and the blood (bacteremia). Anyone can get pneumococcal disease. But those at highest risk include children younger than age 2, adults ages 65 and older, people with certain health problems, and smokers.  

Talk with your healthcare provider and your child’s provider about the pneumococcal vaccine. The CDC recommends it for all children younger than 2 years old and all adults age 65 or older.

Key points about interstitial lung diseases

• Interstitial lung disease is the name for a group of more than 200 lung disorders that inflame or scar the lungs.

• The cause is often not known. Major contributing factors are smoking and inhaling environmental or occupational pollutants.

• The most common symptoms are shortness of breath, especially with activity, and a dry, hacking cough.

• X-rays and other imaging studies are used to diagnose the condition. So are tests that help measure the lungs’ ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

• The goal of treatment is to prevent more scarring, manage symptoms, and help you stay active and healthy.

Next steps

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:

• Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.

• Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.

• Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your healthcare provider tells you.

• At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your healthcare provider gives you.

• Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are.

• Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.

• Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.

• Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.

• If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.

• Know how you can contact your healthcare provider if you have questions.