Ott Lab

Research Summary

Mutations in cancer cells lead to malfunctioning control of gene expression. The Ott laboratory is dedicated to discovering the gene expression control factors that are essential for cancer cell survival. Discovery of these factors prompts further efforts in our group to design chemical strategies for the synthesis and deployment of prototype drugs targeting the aberrant mechanisms of gene control. Biologically, gene control factors represent compelling therapeutic targets for these cancers, as they are master regulators of cell identity. Yet despite this clear rationale, most are perceived as intractable drug targets owing to their large size, disordered shapes, and involvement in complex cellular circuits. Recent advances in gene editing technologies and discovery chemistry have advanced our capability to rapidly identify targetable aspects of gene control and methods to disrupt their function. We use these genetic and chemical tools to probe cancer cell circuitry and inform therapeutic hypotheses.

Research Projects

Chemical modulation of bromodomains

Gene control factors bind to regions of transcriptionally active chromatin called enhancers. Enhancers are critical for driving cell-type specific gene expression, and their chromatin structures are typically marked with specific histone modifications. Among the most distinctive is lysine sidechain acetylation, recognized (or ‘read’) by histone modules called bromodomains. Recently, novel chemical compounds have been advanced that selectively target the bromodomains of the bromodomain and extra terminal domain (BET) family. These compounds efficiently displace BET proteins from active enhancer chromatin, and we and others have found them to be active agents in models of acute leukemia, lymphoma, and several solid tumor types. Using a suite of genome-wide chromatin and transcriptomic assays, we aim to understand principles of bromodomain dependency in cancer. Efforts are ongoing to establish biomarkers for response and resistance, and realize promising rationales for combination therapies with other targeted agents.

Essential enhancers

Classic studies have described oncogenic enhancers in leukemia and lymphoma cells. This aberrant enhancer activity can occur by chromosomal translocation of proto-oncogenes such as MYC and BCL2. In addition to chromosomal translocations, cancer-specific enhancers have been described at proto-oncogene loci like TAL1 and MYC, which are aberrantly bound by transcription factors through direct somatic mutation of enhancer DNA elements or focal amplification. We have generated high-resolution enhancer landscapes derived from primary patient samples, including a large cohort of chronic lymphocytic leukemia samples (Ott et al, Cancer Cell 2018). Current projects include construction of core regulatory transcription factor circuitries, and the discovery of inherited and somatic variants leading to aberrant gene expression. Using genetic and epigenetic genome editing techniques, we are functionally dissecting malfunctioning enhancers and their cognate bound factors to derive mechanistic understanding of the essential enhancers principally responsible for maintaining leukemia and lymphoma cell states.

Expanding the chromatin chemical probe toolbox

The successful discovery of chemistry efforts that yielded efficient BET bromodomain inhibitors has revealed chromatin reader domains broadly, and bromodomains specifically, as protein modules amenable for small molecule ligand development. Used experimentally, enhancer-targeting compounds enable precise disruption of chromatin features and can be used to identify and validate discrete biophysical and biochemical functions of target proteins. Paired with an understanding of integrated epigenomics, these probes enable the elucidation of fundamental insights into genome structure and function. We use high-throughput protein-protein interaction assays and cellular assays of chromatin reader activity to identify reader domain inhibitors. Lead compounds are iteratively optimized for potency and selectivity, followed by functional assessments on epigenome structure. Leukemia and lymphoma cell viability profiling and in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies enable the nomination of next-generation inhibitors of essential chromatin readers. Ongoing projects seek to expand our current toolbox of bromodomain inhibitors, with a particular focus on ‘orphan’ factors for which selective compounds have yet to be developed.

Publications

Selected Publications

Ott CJ*^, Federation AJ*, Schwartz LS, Kasar S, Klitgaard JL, Lenci R, Li Q, Lawlor M, Fernandes SM, Souza A, Polaski D, Gadi D, Freedman ML, Brown JR^, Bradner JE^. Enhancer architecture and essential core regulatory circuitry of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Cell. 2018; 34: 982-995.

Gechijian LN, Buckley DL, Lawlor MA, Reyes JM, Paulk J, Ott CJ, Winter GE, Erb MA, Scott TG, Xu M, Seo HS, Dhe- Paganon S, Kwiatkowski NP, Perry JA, Qi J, Gray NS, Bradner JE. Functional TRIM24 degrader via conjugation of ineffectual bromodomain and VHL ligands. Nat Chem Biol. 2018; 14: 405-412.

Shortt J*, Ott CJ*, Johnstone R, Bradner JE. A chemical probe toolbox for dissecting the cancer epigenome. Nature Reviews Cancer 17: 160-183, 2017.

Koblan LW*, Buckley DL*, Ott CJ*, Fitzgerald ME*, Ember S, Zhu J-Y, Lui S, Roberts JM, Remillard D, Vittori S, Zhang W, Schonbrunn E, Bradner JE. Assessment of bromodomain target engagement by a series of BI2536 analogues with miniaturized BET-BRET. Chem Med Chem 11: 2575-2581, 2016.

Viny AD*, Ott CJ*, Spitzer B, Rivas M, Meydan C, Paplexi E, Yelin D, Shank K, Reyes J, Chiu A, Romin Y, Boyko V, Thota S, Maciejewski JP, Melnick A, Bradner JE, Levine RL. Dose-dependent role of the cohesin complex in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Journal of Experimental Medicine 212: 1819-1832, 2015.

Ott CJ*, Kopp N*, Bird L, Paranal RM, Qi J, Bowman T, Rodig SJ, Kung AL, Bradner JE, Weinstock DM. BET bromodomain inhibition targets both c-Myc and IL7R in high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 120: 2843-2852, 2012.

*Co-first authors
^Co-corresponding authors

Our Researchers

Christopher Ott, PhD

Group Members

• Danielle Bestoso
• Eileen Hu
• Matthew Lawlor
• Samuel Ojeda
• Raghu Vannam, PhD