About Valve Repair Surgery
Valve repair surgery aims to restore the normal function of the heart valves. The heart has four valves: the mitral valve, aortic valve, tricuspid valve and pulmonary valve. The valves ensure that blood flows in one direction through each of the heart's four chambers, and then out of the heart and into the body. Heart valve disease occurs when one or more of the heart valves doesn’t work properly. The two main types of heart valve disease are:
- Regurgitation, or leakage of the valve
- Stenosis, or hardening and narrowing of the valve
Valve repair surgery treats obstruction to flow, leakage or a combination of both as it occurs in one of the four principal heart valves.
Experts in Valve Repair Surgery
Massachusetts General Hospital Corrigan Minehan Heart Center physicians are experienced in all forms of heart surgery for valve repair, including minimally invasive mitral valve repair. Valve repair restores and surgically reconstructs the mitral valve so that it functions normally. Minimally invasive procedures tend to provide patients with a quicker recovery time, less blood loss and minimal scarring.
Symptoms of Heart Valve Disease
Patients with heart valve disease may experience symptoms differently, depending on which valve of the heart is affected. Mild cases may not show any symptoms with others can experience symptoms that resemble other medical conditions and problems. Always consult a doctor for evaluation and diagnosis.
The following are the most common symptoms of all heart valve disease:
- Fatigue
- Irregular heart sound (heart murmur)
- Irregular heartbeat
- Shortness of breath
Symptoms of aortic valve disease:
- Chest pain and tightness
- Dizziness
- Faintness
Symptoms of pulmonary valve disease:
- Bluish tint to the nails, lips or skin
- Distended abdomen
Symptoms of tricuspid valve disease:
- Fluid build-up
- Swelling of legs, belly and/or neck veins
Diagnosis of Heart Valve Disease
Our multidisciplinary team of experts at the Heart Valve Program at the Mass General Corrigan Minehan Heart Center manages complex and common valve diseases. Specialists in valvular heart disease, cardiac imaging, interventional cardiology, cardiac surgery and cardiac anesthesia work together to diagnose and understand a patient's heart valve condition. From there, personalized and comprehensive care will determine the best treatment approach.
Valve Repair Surgery vs. Valve Replacement Surgery
Valve replacement surgery replaces the heart valve with a natural, animal-tissue or artificial valve. Artificial valves require lifelong use of blood-thinning medications. Natural valves and animal-tissue valves provide greater freedom from lifelong use of blood-thinner medications but are less durable. Though some patients may be better off with a mechanical valve, tissue valves perform very well and may be recommended.
A repair of a diseased heart valve aims to fix the valve without a full replacement. Valve repair surgeries that use minimally invasive techniques have a decreased risk of infection, blood loss and pain.
How Is Mitral Valve Repair Done?
Valve repair to fix leaky mitral valves is one of the most performed heart procedures. Mitral valve repair surgery may include:
- Sculpting abnormal valve tissue to improve the function of the valve
- Patching holes
- Separating fused valve leaflets
- Replacing supportive cords
- Removing excess tissue
- Using clips, plugs and rings to reinforce the valve
A mitral valve repair procedure often comes with a lower level of after-surgery monitoring and medication because the procedures are commonly less invasive with the use of catheters.
When Is Aortic Valve Repair Needed?
The aortic valve is located at the top of the left chamber of the heart and regulates the flow of blood out of the heart to the rest of the body. Like the mitral valve, the aortic valve can become leaky (regurgitation) or narrowed (stenosis), which can result in blood flowing back into the heart. An aortic valve leak can require surgery for repair.
For patients with bicuspid aortic valve disease (BAVD)—a congenital condition where the aortic valve has only two cuspids instead of three—the potential for leaky bicuspid valves increases, leading to the need for aortic valve leak repair.
Physicians at the Mass General Corrigan Minehan Heart Center are experts in aortic valve repair surgery, even though this procedure is generally performed less frequently than mitral valve repair. Two advantages of aortic valve repair surgery include decreased risk of infection and decreased need for lifelong use of blood-thinning medications.
Other Types of Valve Repair
Pulmonic and tricuspid valve repair are less common than mitral and aortic repair. Only a few hundred patients per year undergo tricuspid valve repair, which requires open heart surgery.
An August 2020 clinical trial at Massachusetts General Hospital performed a new type of tricuspid valve repair procedure that accessed the valve through the femoral leg in the vein and resulted in quicker recovery and discharge from the hospital. Clinical trials investigating new valve repair transcatheter procedures are ongoing and hold great promise for new breakthroughs in treating heart valve disease.
How to Prepare for Valve Repair Surgery
Before your surgery, your treatment team will explain what you can expect and answer any questions you may have. Staying healthy and free from infection is important in the days leading up to your surgery.
Heart Valve Repair FAQs
What Is the Difference Between the Mitral Valve and Aortic Valve?
The heart has four valves that ensure blood flows in the proper direction through the heart. The two most discussed heart valves are the mitral valve and the aortic valve. These two valves are located on the left side of the heart. The mitral valve separates the left upper and left lower chambers of the heart, while the aortic valve is located at the top of the left lower chamber of the heart. When the mitral and aortic heart valves fail to open and close properly, the heart’s ability to pump blood adequately through the body is hampered. The implications for the heart can be serious and this issue can lead to a variety of complications, including heart failure.
Why Should I Have Mitral or Aortic Valve Repair Surgery?
Treatment of the mitral or aortic valve aims to protect your valve and heart from additional damage while reducing symptoms caused by valvular heart disease. Early treatment options may include medication and lifestyle changes, but often surgery is necessary to repair or replace the damaged valve or valves.
These surgical options can improve a patient's quality of life and limit further damage to the body caused by the problem valve.
What Is the Difference Between a Mitral Valve and a Bicuspid Valve?
The mitral valve is often called the bicuspid valve because it is a valve that has two cusps, not the three found in the aortic valve. But bicuspid valve disease usually refers to the congenital heart disease where the aortic valve has only two cuspids. Thanks to the advances of medicine, many patients with conditions like bicuspid aortic valve disease are living longer, healthier lives and are able to visit the Corrigan Minehan Heart Center as adults for procedures such as aortic valve repair.